2023 – Present
The video-recorded laparoscopic and robotic operation is evaluated as a sequence of static and abnormal postures to determine the task components with the highest physical demand. A model computes the axial compression and transverse shear forces exerted on the L5/S1 region of the clinician’s spine based on the required external hand forces and joint postures. The laparoscopic posture compression force on the L5/S1 region is 227 lb, and the shear force is 67 lb, indicating that the surgeon’s posture falls in the normal range with 98% assurance of minimal risk.